Pesticide use patterns and their association with cytokine levels in Mexican flower workers.

OBJECTIVE: Occupational exposure to pesticides is a known risk for disrupting cellular immune response in flower workers due to their use of multiple chemical products, poor work conditions, and inadequate protection. Recently, the analysis of pesticide use patterns has emerged as an alternative to studying exposure to mixtures of these products. This study aimed to evaluate the association between exposure to different patterns of pesticide use and the cytokine profile of flower workers in the State of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a population of 108 flower workers. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 cytokines were analyzed by means of multiplex analysis, and TNF-α and IFN-γ using an ELISA test. Pesticide use patterns were generated by principal components analysis. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that certain patterns of pesticide use, combining insecticides and fungicides, were associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6 and IFN-γ. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that pesticides may possess immunotoxic properties, contributing to increased inflammatory response. However, further comprehensive epidemiological studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.

Vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas en el programa de control de vectores en México.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la interpretación e implementación de las políticas para la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores del programa para el control de vectores en México. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con métodos mixtos en cuatro estados de México; se incluyen entrevistas semiestructuradas, recolección de datos sobre los plaguicidas aplicados y los resultados del biomonitoreo realizado a los trabajadores y obtenidos de los registros estatales. Resul-tados. En todos los estados participantes se identificó un uso extensivo y variado de plaguicidas altamente peligrosos. Los procesos para monitorear la exposición ocupacional a inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa son diferentes en cada uno de ellos y en ninguno se calculan los índices biológicos de ex-posición. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento sobre las políticas para vigilar la salud de los trabajadores debe fortalecerse y es necesario mejorar el contenido de las políticas vigentes de modo que abarquen los múltiples plaguicidas que aplican los trabajadores, así como sus posibles efectos combinados y a largo plazo.

Vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas en el programa de control de vectores en México / Pesticide exposed worker´s health surveillance in the vector control program in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la interpretación e implementación de las políticas para la vigilancia de la salud de los trabajadores del programa para el control de vectores en México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con métodos mixtos en cuatro estados de México; se incluyen entrevistas semiestructuradas, recolección de datos sobre los plaguicidas aplicados y los resultados del biomonitoreo realizado a los trabajadores y obtenidos de los registros estatales. Resultados: En todos los estados participantes se identificó un uso extensivo y variado de plaguicidas altamente peligrosos. Los procesos para monitorear la exposición ocupacional a inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa son diferentes en cada uno de ellos y en ninguno se calculan los índices biológicos de exposición. Conclusiones: El conocimiento sobre las políticas para vigilar la salud de los trabajadores debe fortalecerse y es necesario mejorar el contenido de las políticas vigentes de modo que abarquen los múltiples plaguicidas que aplican los trabajadores, así como sus posibles efectos combinados y a largo plazo.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the interpretation and implementation of the policies for the worker's health surveillance in the vector control program in Mexico. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in four states of Mexico using mixed methods that include semi-structured interviews, data on pesticides applied and the workers' results for plasmatic acetylcholinesterase activity analysis collected from the states' registries. Results: We identified an extended and varied use of highly hazardous pesticides and different processes to monitor occupational exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in each state. None of the states calculated biological exposure indices. Conclusions: Knowledge of policies for workers' health surveillance needs to be strengthened and there is an urgent need to enhance the content of the existing policies to include the multiple, combined, and long-term occupational exposure of workers in the vector control program in Mexico.

Revisión rápida: monitoreo de la presencia e infectividad del virus SARS-CoV-2 y otros coronavirus en aguas residuales / Quick review: monitoring the presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in wastewater

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la evidencia sobre la presencia e infectividad de SARS-CoV-2 y otros coronavirus en aguas residuales y su potencial uso como herramienta de vigilancia epidemiológica. Material y métodos: Búsqueda de publicaciones en PubMed y medRxiv desde enero 2003 hasta el 8 de junio de 2020 de acuerdo con la guía de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 publicaciones. El ARN de SARS-CoV-2 no infectivo se encontró en agua residual hospitalaria, agua residual cruda, tratada y lodos de plantas de tratamiento. Los niveles cuantitativos de ARN viral en agua residual presentan relación con el número de casos de Covid-19. SARS-CoV-1 y otros coronavirus permanecieron infectivos en agua residual cruda hasta por dos días. Conclusiones: Hasta esta revisión no existe evidencia sobre la presencia de virus infectivos de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual cruda o tratada. La cuantificación de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual es útil para la vigilancia epidemiológica.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the current evidence on the presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in wastewater; and its potential use as an epidemiological surveillance tool. Materials and methods: A search was performed in PubMed and medRxiv databases from January 2003 to June 8, 2020 according to the Cochrane Rapid Review Guide. Results: Twenty-nine publications were included. Non-infective RNA of SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in hospital sewage; raw and treated wastewater, and primary sludges from sewage treatment plants. Quantitative levels of viral RNA in wastewater are related with the number of Covid-19 cases. SARS-CoV-1 and other coronaviruses remained infective in wastewater up to two days. Conclusions: Currently, there is no evidence of the presence of infective SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and its inactivation through treatment/disinfection has been proven. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can be a useful epidemiological surveillance tool.

Opioids, stimulants, and depressant drugs in fifteen Mexican Cities: A wastewater-based epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring drug use in México is a challenge due to emerging drugs and rapid changes in consumption patterns. The temporal and geographical patterns of cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, MDMA, cannabis, heroin, ketamine, and fentanyl were examined in Mexican cities using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). METHODS: 105 daily composite wastewater samples were collected from sewage treatment plants in fifteen Mexican cities. We quantified drug residues using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and estimated drug use by back-calculation of drug loads. RESULTS: We identified ten drug target residues in at least one sample across cities. Drugs with the highest median levels were cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine. The median range of cannabis for one week was between 147 and 20,364 mg/day/1000inhab across cities, whereas methamphetamine ranged between 5 and 3,628 mg/day/1000inhab. Cocaine was found in levels between 2 and 370 mg/day/1000inhab. The highest levels of methamphetamine and amphetamine were observed in the US border cities of Tijuana and San Luis Río Colorado. The presence of heroin, MDMA, ketamine, and fentanyl was stronger during weekends, while cannabis, cocaine, and amphetamine were found throughout the week. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first report of fentanyl, norfentanyl, and ketamine in wastewater in Mexico. The results indicate an increased presence of drugs on known drug traffic routes, demonstrating that WBE can help identify areas of high drug use and assist governments in developing policies to reduce drug use and harm in the communities.

Revisión rápida: contaminación del aire y morbimortalidad por Covid-19 / Quick review: air pollution and morbi-mortality by Covid-19

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia sobre la relación entre la contaminación del aire y un riesgo mayor de morbimortalidad por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se utilizó una adaptación de la metodología de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed y MedRxiv y se limitó hasta el 28 y 26 de abril, respectivamente. Los títulos y resúmenes fueron revisados por cinco investigadores que, a su vez, revisaron los textos completos de la selección final. Resultados: Se encontraron 450 manuscritos, 15 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La evidencia encontrada reporta que la incidencia y el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por Covid-19 se incrementan con la exposición crónica y aguda a la contaminación del aire, particularmente a material particulado (PM2.5, PM10) y dióxido de nitrógeno. Conclusiones: Se requieren más estudios especialmente en ciudades latinoamericanas. Es necesario fortalecer las recomendaciones en las ciudades con mayores niveles de contaminantes y reducir sus emisiones.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the evidence on the relationship between air pollution and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from Covid-19. Materials and methods: An adaptation of the Cochrane rapid review methodology was used. The search was performed in PubMed and MedRxiv and was limited until April 28 and 26, respectively. The titles and abstracts were reviewed by five researchers who, in turn, reviewed the full texts of the final selection. Results: 450 manuscripts were found, 15 met the inclusion criteria. The evidence reports that the incidence and risk of morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 increase with chronic and acute exposure to air pollution, particularly to particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and nitrogen dioxide. Conclusions: More studies are required especially in Latin American cities. It is necessary to strengthen the recommendations in cities with higher levels of pollutants and to reduce their emissions.

[Quick review: air pollution and morbi-mortalityby Covid-19.] / Revisión rápida: contaminación del aire y morbimortalidad por Covid-19.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evidence on the relationship between air pollution and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from Covid-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An adaptation of the Cochrane rapid review methodology was used. The search was performed in PubMed and MedRxiv and was limited until April 28 and 26, respectively. The titles and abstracts were reviewed by five researchers who, in turn, reviewed the full texts of the final selection. RESULTS: 450 manuscripts were found, 15 met the inclusion criteria. The evidence reports that the incidence and risk of morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 increase with chronic and acute exposure to air pollution, particularly to particulate matter (PM2.5, P M10) and nitrogen dioxide. CONCLUSIONS: More studies are required especially in Latin American cities. It is necessary to strengthen the recommendations in cities with higher levels of pollutants and to reduce their emissions.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la evidencia sobre la relación entre la contaminación del aire y un riesgo mayor de morbimor-talidad por Covid-19. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó una adaptación de la metodología de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed y MedRxiv y se limitó hasta el 28 y 26 de abril, respectivamente. Los títu-los y resúmenes fueron revisados por cinco investigadores que, a su vez, revisaron los textos completos de la selección final. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 450 manuscritos, 15 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La evidencia encon-trada reporta que la incidencia y el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por Covid-19 se incrementan con la exposición crónica y aguda a la contaminación del aire, particularmente a material particulado (PM2.5, P M10) y dióxido de nitrógeno. CONCLUSIONES: Se requieren más estudios especialmente en ciudades latinoamericanas. Es necesario fortalecer las recomendaciones en las ciudades con mayores niveles de contaminantes y reducir sus emisiones.

Revisión rápida: monitoreo de la presencia e infectividad del virus SARS-CoV-2 y otros coronavirus en aguas residuales.

Objetivo. Describir la evidencia sobre la presencia e infectividad de SARS-CoV-2 y otros coronavirus en aguas residuales y su potencial uso como herramienta de vigilancia epidemiológica. Material y métodos. Búsqueda de publicaciones en PubMed y medRxiv desde enero 2003 hasta el 8 de junio de 2020 de acuerdo con la guía de revisiones rápidas de Cochrane. Resultados. Se incluyeron 29 publicaciones. El ARN de SARS-CoV-2 no infectivo se encontró en agua residual hospitalaria, agua residual cruda, tratada y lodos de plantas de tratamiento. Los niveles cuantitativos de ARN viral en agua residual presentan relación con el número de casos de Covid-19. SARS-CoV-1 y otros coronavirus permanecieron infectivos en agua residual cruda hasta por dos días. Conclusiones. Hasta esta revisión no existe evidencia sobre la presencia de virus infectivos de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual cruda o tratada. La cuantificación de ARN de SARS-CoV-2 en agua residual es útil para la vigilancia epidemiológica.

Women exposure to household air pollution after an improved cookstove program in rural San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

The state government of San Luis Potosí (SLP), Mexico implemented an improved cookstove (ICS) program in rural areas. As part of the comprehensive program evaluation, we compared fine particulate material (PM2.5) concentrations in kitchens and patios in treated (TH), and non-treated households (NTH), and analyzed pollutant levels according to patterns of fuels and devices use reported by the women. A panel study was conducted in 728 households (357 TH and 371 NTH) in three regions of SLP including two sampling rounds in 2015-16. Data on exposure determinants, ICS conditions and cooking practices were collected. Daily PM2.5 in kitchen and patio was measured in a subsample. The average treatment effect was estimated using the double difference method. We constructed a mixed linear model to estimate PM2.5 levels for the entire study sample and obtained personal exposure according to time-activity logs. NTH had lower socioeconomic status compared to TH. The average daily PM2.5 concentrations in NTH compared to TH were 155.2 and 92.6 µg/m3 for kitchen and 35.4 and 39.8 µg/m3 for patio, respectively. PM2.5 levels showed significant regional differences but no significant treatment effect. In many cases, the ICS was added to previous open fire and LPG use (stacking). The household size, kitchen ventilation, relative humidity, temperature and the ratio of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 concentration were significant predictors of kitchen PM2.5 levels. The daily PM2.5 personal exposure was significantly reduced using ICS in good conditions or LPG (57 µg/m3) compared to the traditional open fire (86 µg/m3). This study strengthens the evidence on the potential daily PM2.5 exposure reduction for women using an ICS in good conditions or LPG, displacing the polluting open fire. Comprehensive strategies tailored to the sociocultural context of the communities are needed to implement clean energy programs that achieve adoption and sustained use of ICS or LPG.

A follow-up study after an improved cookstove intervention in rural Mexico: Estimation of household energy use and chronic PM2.5 exposure.

The benefits of improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) depends on their adoption and sustained use. Few studies have documented if and how they are used more than five years after being introduced. We conducted a 9-year prospective cohort study among young rural women in the highlands of Michoacan, Mexico. Participants had received a Patsari ICS during a community trial either in 2005 or 2006. With retrospective information collected in 2012-13, we studied the households' energy use, ICS survival, and cooking practices during the follow-up period. Using an exposure model constructed with personal PM2.5 measurements in a subsample of homes at the time of the initial trial in 2005, we estimated the exposure associated with different energy use patterns during the follow-up period. The ICS had a mean lifespan of 4 years, after which more than half of the stoves were not in use; therefore, the use of open fire increased, particularly among the indigenous communities. ICS use peak was achieved two years after the initial trial, either exclusively or combined with open fire. Yearly household energy use and other variables were used to estimate chronic air pollution exposure. Mean PM2.5 exposure during the follow-up period ranged from 51 to 319 µg/m3; the median was 102 and 146 µg/m3 for mainly ICS and mainly open fire use, respectively. The ICS has a useful period after which it needs maintenance, repair, or replacement. Unfortunately, many programs have not afforded a follow-up component. Exposure to biomass smoke air pollutants can be reduced by using an ICS instead of the traditional open fire. Household energy strategies should ensure equitable access to clean energy options adapted to local needs and preferences with culturally appropriate technology implemented on a sustainable perspective.

Healthy-Sustainable Housing Index: A Pilot Study to Link Architecture and Public Health in a Semi-Urban Community in Mexico.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the link between housing and children´s respiratory symptoms, through the construction of an index (HSHI) based on the definition of healthy-sustainable housing criteria, in a semi-urban community from Morelos, Mexico. A general and household questionnaire, and respiratory symptoms diary were applied in 60 households to gather information about schoolchildren, respiratory health, housing and lifestyle characteristics. HSHI was constructed using principal component analysis. The association between HSHI and the presence and duration of respiratory symptoms was assessed using logistic and Poisson regression models. HSHI had five components, which accounted for 63% of variance, and were classified into poor and sufficient quality. It was observed that schoolchildren who inhabit a sufficient-quality house, showed a reduction in nose irritation duration and in the allergic symptoms probability regarding component 1 (ventilation, lighting and cloth washing) and presented three times less duration of common cold by component 2 (construction material, painted walls inside the house and type of bathroom) compared to poor-quality house inhabitants. Our results suggest that living in a sufficient-quality house, as described by the HSHI, reduced the prevalence of wheezing episodes and the probability of ear pain, providing evidence about the positive association of a healthy-sustainable housing on the respiratory health of schoolchildren.

Factors that enable or limit the sustained use of improved firewood cookstoves: Qualitative findings eight years after an intervention in rural Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the factors enabling/limiting the use of improved cookstoves among rural fuel wood users from one mestizo and two indigenous communities eight years after an intervention in the state of Michoacan, in Mexico. METHODS: A qualitative study with an ethnographic perspective was conducted in 2013/2014 based on 62 interviews with women who had participated in an improved firewood cookstove program in 2005. Thematic qualitative content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Very few women from the indigenous communities were using the improved cookstove at the time of the study; the majority had dismantled or had ceased using it; whereas most of those from the mestizo community were using it for all of their cooking activities. In the indigenous communities, characterized by extended families, uptake of new technology was limited by traditional routine practices, rearrangement of rooms in the house, attachment to the traditional stove, a low- or non-risk perception of woodsmoke; gender relations, insufficient training, non-compliance with program recommendations and design-related aspects. Conversely, in the mestizo community, the uptake of the improved cookstove was favored by routine cooking practices in a nuclear family, a previous use of a raised cookstove and social representations on the health-disease-death effects of woodsmoke vs. the health benefits of cooking with improved stoves. The sociocultural dimension of communities and the cookstove design are aspects that either favor or limit the use of improved cookstoves in indigenous and mestizo populations. CONCLUSIONS: Effective cookstove programs must take these elements into account from their early planning stages, and blend them into implementation and follow-up. Project communication, training and differentiated follow-up activities ensuring the operation and maintenance of the cookstove, should be designed according to the specific needs and traditions of each community; they should be based on the preferences and needs of the users.

Occupational predictors of urinary dialkyl phosphate concentrations in Mexican flower growers.

Background Flower growers have high potential for exposures to pesticides. Occupational factors, such as tasks performed, the production method (organic or conventional), the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and workplace characteristics influence the intensity of pesticide exposure. Objective To evaluate occupational characteristics affecting urinary concentration of dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphate pesticides among a group of Mexican floricultural workers. Methods A questionnaire was administered to 117 workers who also provided a first morning urine sample. According to tasks performed and the production methods, pesticide contact was defined as low, medium, or high. PPE use was categorized as acceptable, fairly acceptable, and unacceptable. Urinary concentration of DAP metabolites were determined using gas-liquid chromatography. Association between occupational characteristics and DAP urinary concentrations was assessed by means of linear regression models. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, the workers in the medium and high contact categories had significantly higher DAP concentrations than those in the low contact category (ß: 0.3, CI 95%: 0.1-0.5). Greenhouse workers had greater DAP concentrations than outdoors workers (ß: 0.3, CI 95%: 0.1-0.5). Compared with non-acceptable use of PPE, acceptable use of PPE was associated with lower DAP concentrations (ß: -0.4, CI 95% -0.6 to -0.1). Conclusion Improved safety training is needed for correct PPE usage, especially among flower growers who use conventional pest control methods and who work in a greenhouse environment.

The P3a wave: A reliable neurophysiological measure of Parkinson's disease duration and severity.

OBJECTIVE: The P3a is an event-related potential (ERP) associated with involuntary attention and dopaminergic function. As P3a is reduced at initial stages of Parkinson's disease (PD), our objective was to assess P3a as a possible marker of PD duration and severity. METHODS: Fifty-five patients were analyzed, 28 of which were at Hoehn and Yahr severity stage 1; 14 at stage 2; and 13 at stage 3. Seventeen patients were free of antiparkinsonian medication. PD duration was defined as the number of years between the onset of motor symptoms and the date of this study. Twenty-four healthy subjects were included as controls. An involuntary attention paradigm was administered while a digital EEG was obtained. RESULTS: The P3a amplitude was significantly lower in all PD groups compared to the control group (F(3,75)=5.10, p=0.003), especially for stages 2 (p=0.017) and 3 (p=0.008). A regression analysis showed that the disease duration predicted inversely the P3a (Fz channel amplitude: Coefficient=-0.148, p=0.006; Frontocentral amplitude: Coefficient=-0.125, p=0.003) after controlling for demographic and clinical variables, medication, general cognitive state, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study reporting P3a sensibility to PD duration and severity. SIGNIFICANCE: This ERP could represent a reliable biomarker of the disease progression.

Children's Respiratory Health After an Efficient Biomass Stove (Patsari) Intervention.

Household use of fuelwood represents a socio-ecological condition with important health effects mainly in rural areas from developing countries. One approach to tackle this problem has been the introduction of efficient wood-burning chimney stoves. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the introduction of Patsari stoves on the respiratory health of young children in highlands Michoacán, Mexico. A total of 668 households in six rural communities in a fuelwood using region were selected and randomized to receive an improved stove (Patsari) or rely entirely on the traditional wood fire until the end of the follow-up including 10 monthly visits. Adherence to the intervention was variable over the follow-up time. The actual use of the Patsari stove as reported by the mother showed a protective effect mainly on the upper and lower respiratory infection duration (IRR URI 0.79, 95% CI 0.70-0.89, and LRI 0.41, 95% CI 0.21-0.80) compared to households that used only an open fire. Fewer days of child's ill health represents saved time for the woman and avoided disease treatment costs for the family, as well as a decrease in public health costs due to a reduction in the frequency of patient visits.

Lung function, airway inflammation, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in mexican schoolchildren: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with lung function and pH of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in Mexican schoolchildren. METHODS: A pilot study was performed in a subsample of 64 schoolchildren from Mexico City. Lung function and pH of EBC were measured and metabolites of PAHs in urine samples were determined. The association was analyzed using robust regression models. RESULTS: A 10% increase in the concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene was significantly negatively associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (-11.2 mL, 95% CI: -22.2 to -0.02), forced vital capacity (-11.6 mL, 95% CI: -22.9 to -0.2), and pH of EBC (-0.035, 95% CI: -0.066 to -0.005). CONCLUSION: Biomarkers of PAHs exposure were inversely associated with lung function and decrease of ph of EBC as a marker of airway inflammation in Mexican schoolchildren.

La salud ambiental en México: situación actual y perspectivas futuras / Environmental health in Mexico: current situation and future prospects

La salud ambiental se establece en México como disciplina a principios de los noventa retomando la tradición sanitarista del siglo pasado e incorporando nuevo conocimiento generado por la epidemiología y la toxicología ambiental. Durante la última década se han presentado avances en la revisión y actualización de la normatividad, se han diseñado programas y políticas para reducir la exposición a contaminantes y se han consolidado grupos de investigación y docencia en el área. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los problemas previamente diagnosticados prevalecen y se han incorporados nuevos riesgos a la salud producto del deterioro ambiental (contaminación atmosférica, exposición a tóxicos, cambio climático). Resulta necesario replantear el modelo de gobernanza en salud ambiental en México desde una perspectiva transectorial. Se propone crear un Programa Nacional de Salud Ambiental, actualizar el diagnóstico en el ámbito nacional y regional, fortalecer la enseñanza e investigación así como desarrollar un sistema integrado de vigilancia en salud ambiental.

Environmental health has been established in Mexico as a discipline since the early nineties resuming the sanitarian tradition developed over the past century and incorporating new knowledge generated by environmental toxicology and epidemiology. During the last decade there has been some progress in reviewing and updating the regulations, designing programs and policies to reduce exposure to pollutants and consolidating research groups and teaching in the area. However, the most prevalent problems previously diagnosed still remain and new risks have emerged due to environmental degradation (air pollution, toxics exposure and climate change among others) have been incorporated. If this trend persists, the environmental risks will continue to increase and multiply. The environmental health governance in Mexico has to be redesigned involving a transectoral approach. Future proposals might include: establishment of a National Environmental Health Program, update the situational diagnosis at national and regional level, strengthening teaching and graduate programs in environmental health as well as increase support for research in the area and development of an integrated environmental health surveillance system.

[Local conditions of vulnerability associated with dengue in two communities of Morelos]. / Condiciones locales de vulnerabilidad asociadas con dengue en dos comunidades de Morelos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vulnerability associated with the occurrence of dengue in two villages of Morelos, Mexico from 2006 to 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A survey on knowledge, risk perception, prevention practices and water use was applied in two villages of Morelos. Using a principal component analysis, an index of local vulnerability to dengue (IVL) was constructed. The association of IVL with the disease at home was assessed using a Chi-square test. RESULTS: The IVL included five components explaining 63% of the variance and was classified in three categories: low, medium and high. There was a significant association between increased vulnerability and prevalence of reported cases of dengue in Temixco and Tlaquiltenango. CONCLUSION: The study of vulnerability to dengue allows us to identify local needs in the field of health promotion.

Condiciones locales de vulnerabilidad asociadas con dengue en dos comunidades de Morelos / Local conditions of vulnerability associated with dengue in two communities of Morelos

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las condiciones de vulnerabilidad asociadas con la ocurrencia de dengue en dos localidades de Morelos en los años 2006 a 2009. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se aplicó una encuesta sobre conocimientos, percepción de riesgo, prácticas de prevención y uso del agua en dos localidades de Morelos. Mediante un análisis de componentes principales, se construyó un índice de vulnerabilidad local al dengue (IVL). La asociación del IVL con la enfermedad en la vivienda se evaluó mediante una prueba de ji cuadrada. RESULTADOS: El IVL incluyó cinco componentes explicando el 63% de la varianza y fue clasificado en tres categorías: baja, media y alta. Se observó una asociación significativa entre el aumento de la vulnerabilidad y la prevalencia del reporte de casos de dengue en las localidades. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio de la vulnerabilidad al dengue permite identificar necesidades locales específicas en materia de promoción de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vulnerability associated with the occurrence of dengue in two villages of Morelos, Mexico from 2006 to 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A survey on knowledge, risk perception, prevention practices and water use was applied in two villages of Morelos. Using a principal component analysis, an index of local vulnerability to dengue (IVL) was constructed. The association of IVL with the disease at home was assessed using a Chi-square test. RESULTS: The IVL included five components explaining 63% of the variance and was classified in three categories: low, medium and high. There was a significant association between increased vulnerability and prevalence of reported cases of dengue in Temixco and Tlaquiltenango. CONCLUSION: The study of vulnerability to dengue allows us to identify local needs in the field of health promotion.

[Environmental health in Mexico: current situation and future prospects]. / La salud ambiental en México: situación actual y perspectivas futuras.

Environmental health has been established in Mexico as a discipline since the early nineties resuming the sanitarian tradition developed over the past century and incorporating new knowledge generated by environmental toxicology and epidemiology. During the last decade there has been some progress in reviewing and updating the regulations, designing programs and policies to reduce exposure to pollutants and consolidating research groups and teaching in the area. However, the most prevalent problems previously diagnosed still remain and new risks have emerged due to environmental degradation (air pollution, toxics exposure and climate change among others) have been incorporated. If this trend persists, the environmental risks will continue to increase and multiply. The environmental health governance in Mexico has to be redesigned involving a transectoral approach. Future proposals might include: establishment of a National Environmental Health Program, update the situational diagnosis at national and regional level, strengthening teaching and graduate programs in environmental health as well as increase support for research in the area and development of an integrated environmental health surveillance system.